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Common i18n patterns in React

Following page describes the most common i18n patterns in React. It's a follow-up to tutorial with practical examples. See the API reference for detailed information about all components.

Macros​

Using jsx macros is the most straightforward way how to translate your React components.

Trans handles translations of messages including variables and other React components:

import { Trans } from "@lingui/macro"

function render() {
  return (
    <>
      <h1><Trans>LinguiJS example</Trans></h1>
      <p><Trans>Hello <a href="/profile">{name}</a>.</Trans></p>
    </>
  );
}

You don't need anything special to use Trans inside your app (except of wrapping the root component in I18nProvider).

Using ID generated from message​

With Trans​

In the examples above, the content of Trans is transformed into message in MessageFormat syntax. By default, this message is used as the message ID. Considering the example above, messages LinguiJS example and Hello <0>{name}</0>. are extracted and used as IDs.

With t​

In the following example, message Image caption will be extracted and used as ID.

import { t } from "@lingui/macro"

export default function ImageWithCaption() {
   return <img src="..." alt={t`Image caption`} />
}

Using custom ID​

With Trans​

If you're using custom IDs in your project, add id prop to i18n components:

import { Trans } from "@lingui/macro"

function render() {
  return (
    <>
      <h1><Trans id="msg.header">LinguiJS example</Trans></h1>
      <p><Trans id="msg.hello">Hello <a href="/profile">{name}</a>.</Trans></p>
    </>
  );
}

Messages msg.header and msg.hello will be extracted with default values LinguiJS example and Hello <0>{name}</0>..

With t​

If you're using custom IDs in your project, call t with a message descriptor object and pass ID as id prop:

import { t } from "@lingui/macro"

export default function ImageWithCaption() {
   return <img src="..." alt={t({id: 'msg.caption', message: `Image caption`})} />
}

Message msg.caption will be extracted with default value Image caption.

For all other js macros (plural, select, selectOrdinal, use them inside t macro to pass ID (in this case, 'msg.caption').

import { t, plural } from "@lingui/macro"

export default function ImageWithCaption({ count }) {
   return (
      <img src="..." alt={t({id: 'msg.caption', message: plural(count, {
         one: "# image caption",
         other: "# image captions",
      })})} />
   )
}
tip

It's a good practice to set explicit IDs for phrases to make it easier to identify phrases out of context and to track where they're used. IDs usually follow a naming scheme that includes where the phrase is used.

Element attributes and string-only translations​

Sometimes you can't use Trans component, for example when translating element attributes:

<img src="..." alt="Image caption" />

In such case you need to use t macro to wrap message. t is equivalent for Trans, plural is equivalent to Plural.

import { t } from "@lingui/macro"

export default function ImageWithCaption() {
   return <img src="..." alt={t`Image caption`} />
}

Translations outside React components​

Another common pattern is when you need to access translations outside React components, for example inside redux-saga. You can use t macro outside React context as usual:

import { t } from "@lingui/macro"

export function alert() {
    // use t as if you were inside a React component
    alert(t`...`)
}

Lazy translations​

Messages don't have to be declared at the same code location where they're displayed. Tag a string with the defineMessage macro, and you've created a "message descriptor", which can then be passed around as a variable, and can be displayed as a translated string by passing its id to Trans as its id prop:

import { defineMessage, Trans } from "@lingui/macro"

const favoriteColors = [
   defineMessage({message: "Red"}),
   defineMessage({message: "Orange"}),
   defineMessage({message: "Yellow"}),
   defineMessage({message: "Green"}),
]

export default function ColorList() {
   return (
      <ul>
         {favoriteColors.map(color => (
            <li><Trans id={color.id}/></li>
         ))}
      </ul>
   )
}

Or to render the message descriptor as a string-only translation, just pass it to the i18n._() method:

import { i18n } from "@lingui/core"
import { defineMessage } from "@lingui/macro"

const favoriteColors = [
   defineMessage({message: "Red"}),
   defineMessage({message: "Orange"}),
   defineMessage({message: "Yellow"}),
   defineMessage({message: "Green"}),
]

export function getTranslatedColorNames() {
   return favoriteColors.map(
      color => i18n._(color)
   )
}

Passing messages as props​

It's often convenient to pass messages around as component props, for example as a "label" prop on a button. The easiest way to do this is to pass a Trans element as the prop:

import { Trans } from "@lingui/macro"

export default function FancyButton(props) {
   return <button>{props.label}</button>
}

export function LoginLogoutButtons(props) {
   return <div>
      <FancyButton label={<Trans>Log in</Trans>} />
      <FancyButton label={<Trans>Log out</Trans>} />
   </div>
}

If you need the prop to be displayed as a string-only translation, you can pass a message tagged with the t macro:

import { t } from "@lingui/macro"

export default function ImageWithCaption(props) {
   return <img src="..." alt={props.caption} />
}

export function HappySad(props) {
   return <div>
      <ImageWithCaption caption={t`I'm so happy!`} />
      <ImageWithCaption caption={t`I'm so sad.`} />
   </div>
}

Picking a message based on a variable​

Sometimes you need to pick between different messages to display, depending on the value of a variable. For example, imagine you have a numeric "status" code that comes from an API, and you need to display a message representing the current status.

A simple way to do this, is to make an object that maps the possible values of "status" to message descriptors (tagged with the defineMessage macro), and render them as needed with lazy translation:

import { defineMessage, Trans } from "@lingui/macro";

const STATUS_OPEN = 1,
      STATUS_CLOSED = 2,
      STATUS_CANCELLED = 4,
      STATUS_COMPLETED = 8

const statusMessages = {
   [STATUS_OPEN]: defineMessage({message: "Open"}),
   [STATUS_CLOSED]: defineMessage({message: "Closed"}),
   [STATUS_CANCELLED]: defineMessage({message: "Cancelled"}),
   [STATUS_COMPLETED]: defineMessage({message: "Completed"}),
}

export default function StatusDisplay({ statusCode }) {
   return <div><Trans id={statusMessages[statusCode].id} /></div>
}